motivation theory

The word motivation comes from the Latin word “movere”, which means to move. Motivation is defined as an internal drive that activates behavior and gives it direction. The term motivation theory deals with the processes that describe why and how human behavior is activated and directed. It is considered one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. There are two different categories of motivation theories such as content theories and process theories. Although there are different theories of motivation, none of them is universally accepted.

Also known as need theory, the content theory of motivation focuses primarily on the internal factors that energize and direct human behavior. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Alderfer’s ERG theory, Herzeberg’s motivator hygiene theory (Herzeberg’s dual factor theory) and McClelland’s learned needs or the theory of three needs are some of the main theories of contents.

Of the different types of content theories, the most famous content theory is Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs. Maslow introduced five levels of basic needs through his theory. Basic needs are classified into physiological needs, security and protection needs, love needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

Like Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, ERG theory explains the needs for existence, relationship, and growth. Through dual factors theory, Herzeberg describes certain factors in the workplace that result in job satisfaction. McClelland’s learned needs or three needs theory uses a projective technique called the Thematic Aptitude Test (TAT) to assess people based on three needs: power, achievement, and affiliation. People with a high need for power act in a way that influences the behavior of another.

Another type of motivation theory is the process theory. Process theories of motivation provide an opportunity to understand the thought processes that influence behavior. Major process theories of motivation include Adams’ equity theory, Vroom’s expectancy theory, goal setting theory, and reinforcement theory. Expectancy, instrumentality, and valence are the key concepts explained in expectancy theory. Goal setting theory suggests that individuals are motivated to achieve set goals. It also requires that the goals set be specific. Reinforcement theory is concerned with controlling behavior by manipulating its consequences.